• Phrasal verb – part 2

    Phrasal verb – part 2

    Phrasal verb                             meaning                              example sentence

    call around: phone many different places/people: We called around but we weren’t able to find the car part we needed.

    call someone back: return a phone call:called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend.

    call something off: cancel: Jason called the wedding off because he wasn’t in love with his fiancé.

    call on someone: ask for an answer or opinion: The professor called on me for question 1.

    call on someone: visit someone: We called on you last night but you weren’t home.

    call someone up: phone: Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town.

    calm down: relax after being angry: You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.

    not care for someone/something: not like (formal): I don’t care for his behavior.

    catch up: get to the same point as someone else: You’ll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty.

    check in: arrive and register at a hotel or airport: We will get the hotel keys when we check in.

    check out: leave a hotel: You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.

    check someone/something out: look at carefully, investigate: The company checks out all new employees.

    check out someone/something: look at (informal): Check out the crazy hair on that guy!

    cheer up: become happier: She cheered up when she heard the good news.

    cheer someone up: make happier: I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.

    chip in: help: If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.

    clean something up: tidy, clean: Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside.

    come across something: find unexpectedly:came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet.

    come apart: separate: The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough.

    come down with something: become sick: My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend.

    come forward: volunteer for a task or to give evidence: The woman came forward with her husband’s finger prints.

    come from somewhere: originate in: The art of origami comes from Asia.

    count on someone/something: rely on: I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.

    cross something out: draw a line through: Please cross out your old address and write your new one.

    cut back on something: consume less: My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods.

    cut something down: make something fall to the ground: We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm.

    cut in: interrupt: Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.

    cut in: pull in too closely in front of another vehicle: The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.

    cut in: start operating (of an engine or electrical device): The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22°C.

    cut something off: remove with something sharp: The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured.

    cut something off: stop providing: The phone company cut off our phone because we didn’t pay the bill.

    cut someone off: take out of a will: My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried.

    cut something out: remove part of something (usually with scissors and paper):cut this ad out of the newspaper.

  • Phrasal verb – part 1

     Phrasal verb                                  meaning                              example sentence

    ask someone out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.

    ask around ask many people the same questionasked around but nobody has seen my wallet.

    add up to something equal Your purchases add up to$205.32.

    back something up reverse You’ll have to back up your car so that I can get out.

    back someone up support My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.

    blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.

    blow something up add air We have to blow ۵۰ balloons up for the party.

    break down stop functioning (vehicle, machine)Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.

    break down get upset The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died.

    break something down divide into smaller parts Our teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts.

    break in force entry to a building Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo.

    break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children.

    break something in wear something a few times so that it doesn’t look/feel new I need to break these shoes in before we run next week.

    break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the news of the president’s death.

    break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.

    break up start laughing (informal) The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking.

    break out escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren’t looking.

    break out in something develop a skin condition broke out in a rash after our camping trip.

    bring someone down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.

    bring someone up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after my parents died.

    bring something up start talking about a subject My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports.

    bring something up vomit He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet.

  • Correlative Conjunctions

    Correlative Conjunctions:

     ۱)   either … or …:

    This structure can be used in two different ways:

     A: To connect parallel structures as follows:

    a. Two verb phrases: To improve your speaking you should either listen to different materials or find a partner.

    b. Two adjectives: Most politicians are either mad or bad.

    c. Two prepositional phrases: He must be working either at home or in the office.

    d. Two nouns: Either my neighbor or my friends are going to help me hold a party.

     B: To connect two complete sentences:

    Either we should cut down on energy consumption, or we will face a terrible crisis in near future.

    *In this case we must use a “, “after the first sentence.

     ۲) Neither … nor …:

    These conjunctions are used to connect parallel structures as follows:

     a. Two nouns: Neither capital punishment nor death sentence deters crime in society.

    b. Two adjectives: Nuclear energy is neither safe nor economical.

    c. Two adverbs: In my country, nuclear power is viewed neither optimistically nor pessimistically.

    d. Two verbs: Modern advertisements neither help people nor give them information.

     ۳) Not only … but also …:

    This structure can be used in 2 different ways:

     A: To connect parallel structures as follows:

    a. Two nouns: Not only celebrities but also professionals sports people cannot enjoy their privacy.

    b. Two adjectives: Satellites programs are not only informative but also entertaining.

    c. Two verbs: Unemployment not only increases the crime rate but also makes our economy regress.

     B: To connect two complete sentences:

    *In this case, the sentence after “not only” must be in question form.

    Not only has air pollution endangered our life, but also plastic pollution has caused lots of problems for us.

    Not only can’t war bring peace, but also it causes a human disaster.

    Not only am I not overweight, but I am also in shape.

     ۴) Both … and …

    These conjunctions are used to connect parallel structures as follows:

    a. Two nouns: Both my brothers and my sisters have been living abroad for a long time.

    b. Two verbs: My teacher both teaches German and studies Greek.

    c. Two prepositional phrases: Starvation kills people both in Iran and in other countries.

  • Present perfect and past simple – differences

    Present perfect and past simple – differences

     

    Present perfect Past simple

     

    Unfinished state/action

    Spain has governed the enclave of Ceuta since 1580.

    Finished state/action

    Spain governed the state of Western Sahara from 1958 to 1976.

     

    Unfinished time

    I haven’t seen Keith this morning yet.

    (It’s still morning)

    Finished time

    I didn’t see Keith at all this morning.

    (It’s now afternoon/evening.)

     

    Present relevance

    The Indian Government has imposed a ban on tiger hunting to prevent the extinction of tigers.

     

    No present relevance

    The Indian Government imposed a ban on tiger hunting a few years ago.

    Indefinite time

    I’ve been to Eurodisney twice.

    Definite time

    I went to Eurodiseny in 1999 and 2000.

     

     

     

  • Noun-action verbs – Part 2

     Noun-action verbs – Part 2

    Verb Use in present simple  Use in present continuous
    be Your son is a very obedient child, isn’t he? Your son is being very obedient at the moment.

    (=is behaving obediently) 

    have They’re very rich. They have three homes and a yacht. I’m having a really good time, thanks.

    (=am experiencing) 

    think I think that the world’s problems are getting worse. I’m thinking of contributing to Oxfam.

    (=am considering)

     

    mean The sign means ‘slow down’. You’re always meaning to call us, but you never do. (=are intending) 
    appear It appears the police have not started the investigation. The Philharmonic are appearing at the palladium.

     (=are performing) 

    weigh She weighs 70 kilos. I’m weighing the ingredients for the cake.    

      (=action of weighing) 

     

     

  • Noun-action verbs -Part 1

    Noun-action verbs- Part 1

    Verbs of existing or being

    be, consist of, contain, exist 
    Verbs of possessing belong to, have(=own), include, lack, own, possess 
    Verbs of feeling or wanting adore, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, hate, like, love, need, pity, prefer, trust, want, wish 
    Verbs of thinking or believing believe, doubt, expect, feel (=think), forget, imagine, intend, know, realize, recognize, remember, see (=understand), suppose, think, understand 
    Verbs of appearance Appear, resemble, seem 
    Other verbs Concern, depend, deserve, fit, matter, measure, mean, mind, weigh

     

     

  • would کاربردهای

    would کاربردهای

    ۱- PAST INTENTIONS / EXPECTATIONS

     Used to say what someone intended to do or expected to happen

     They said they would meet us at 10.30 at the station.

    She said she wouldn’t be coming to the library any more.

    Arnold knew he would be tired the next day. It would soon be dark.

     ۲- IMAGINED SITUATIONS (Conditional type 2 & 3)

     a) Used when talking about a possible situation that you imagine or want to happen

    What would you do if you won a million pounds?

     I’d be amazed if I got the job. I wish they’d come and visit us. If only he would listen to me.

     b) Used when talking about something that did not happen or a situation that cannot exist

     Everything would be very different if your father were still alive.

    I would have phoned you, but there wasn’t time.

    Alex would never have found out if you hadn’t told him.

    What would have happened if I hadn’t been here?

     ۳ -PAST HABITS (used to …)

     Used to say that something happened often or regularly in the past or it was a typical behavior

     When we worked in the same office, we would often have coffee together.

    On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden.

     ۴- FUTURE IN THE PAST

     Sometimes when we are talking about the past we want to talk about something which was in the future at that time – which had not happened yet  To express this idea we use the structures that are normally used to talk about the future but we make the verb form past.

    For example instead of is going to we use was going to

    Instead of the present continuous we use past continuous

    Instead of will we use would

     Last time I saw you, you were going to start a new job

    In 1989 I arrived in the town where I would spend the next ten years of my life

    I didn’t have time to talk to him because I was leaving for Germany

     ۵- INTERPERSONAL USES (REQUESTING & OFFERS)

     Used to ask someone politely to do something

     Would you shut the window, please?

    Would you mind waiting outside?

    Would you like tea or would you prefer coffee?

    6 -WHAT SOMEBODY WANTS

     Used to say that someone wants something or wants to do something

     Would like/love/prefer

    My parents would like to meet you.

    Claudia would have liked to refuse (=wanted to refuse), but she didn’t dare.

    I’d hate (=I do not want) to disappoint you.

    Would rather (=used to say what someone prefers) I’d rather stay in this evening, if that’s all right with you.

     ۷-INDIRECT SPEECH

     In indirect speech will changes to would

     DIRECT:       Tomorrow will be fine

    INDIRECT:   The forecast said the next day would be fine          

  • Lesson 8: زمان حال ساده

    زمان حال ساده

    تعریف :

    از این زمان برای بیان کارهائی استفاده می شود که از روی عادت و تکرار انجام می شوند .

    مقطع زمانی این نوع کارها ممکن است روز  /   هفته  /   ماه   و یا  سال   باشد .

    از این زمان به ویژه برای بیان کارهای روزمره استفاده می شود .

     مثال :   من هر روز انگلیسی تمرین می کنم .

    ساختمان :

     Sub.  +   Infinitive without to  +  Obj. +   Every…

     

       I                  Practice                     English        everyday .

     

     نکته : در زمان حال ساده در صورتیکه فاعل سوم شخص باشد ( He   She  It   ) فعل جمله   S   یا  es   می گیرد .

     Ali        watches         TV         every night .

     Amir     goes   to  the  gym  every day .

     طریقه سئوالی و منفی کردن :

     چون در این نوع جملات فعل کمکی وجود ندارد برای سئوالی کردن باید از افعال کمکی   Do وDoes   ( برای سوم شخص ) در ابتدای جمله استفاده کرد .

     Do you meet Ali every week ?

     در صورتیکه فاعل جمله سوم شخص (  He   She  It  )  باشد از   Does   استفاده می شود . 

    Does Sara meet Ali every week ?

  • Coordinating Conjunctions

    Coordinating Conjunctions:

    1)And: Development in technology has changed our lifestyle, and it has created lots of new job opportunities.

     

    ۲)So: lots of people are interested in eating fast food, so obesity rate in increasing day by day.

     

    ۳)For (because): Majority of people are keen on using their own car, for the public transportation system is not well-managed.

     

    ۴)Or 1. (Otherwise): To promote your new products, you can put an advertisement in the newspaper, or you can run a commercial on TV.

              ۲٫ (giving choice): You must use the internet, or you cannot keep pace with the new technology.

     

    ۵)Nor: Nuclear energy does not solve the energy crisis in the world, nor does the solar power

                

    ۶)But (Yet): Mobile phones have lots of strong points, yet their drawbacks should not be undermined.                

                 The exam was easy, yet/but most students fail.

  • آزمون شماره ۶-زمان حال استمراری، مالکیت، فعل امر

    آزمون ۶

     

    جملات زیر را به انگلیسی بنویسید .                                                    

    ۱- شما در حال دادن چه جیزی به او ( مذکر ) هستید ؟

     ۲- اونها در حال نشان دادن چه چیزی به ما هستند  ؟

     ۳- آیا علی در حال بازی کردن با اونهاست ؟

     ۴- چه کسی در حال رانندگی به سمت خانه با او ( مونث ) است ؟

     ۵- نهارت را آهسته بخور  !

    ۶- کسی در خانه است    این طور نیست  ؟

    ۷- هیچ کسی درخانه نیست    این طور است ؟

     ۸- دفتر کارت را به موقع ترک کن !

     ۹- اونها در حال برسیدن چه چیزی از شما هستند ؟

     ۱۰- آیا اون خانم در حال خریدن یک کتاب برای اون آقا است ؟